Import and Export
An import of a good occurs when there is
a change of ownership from a non-resident to a resident; this does not
necessarily imply that the good in question physically crosses the frontier.
However, in specific cases national accounts impute changes of ownership even
though in legal terms no change of ownership takes place (e.g. cross border
financial leasing, cross border deliveries between affiliates of the same
enterprise, goods crossing the border for significant processing to order or
repair). Also smuggled goods must be included in the import measurement.
Imports
of services consist of all services rendered by non-residents to residents. In
national accounts any direct purchases by residents outside the economic territory
of a country are recorded as imports of services; therefore all expenditure by
tourists in the economic territory of another country are considered as part of
the imports of services. Also international flows of illegal services must be
included.
Basic trade statistics often differ in terms of
definition and coverage from the requirements in the national accounts:
Data on international
trade in goods are mostly obtained through declarations to custom services. If
a country applies the general trade system, all goods entering the country are
recorded as imports. If the special trade system (e.g. extra-EU trade
statistics) is applied goods which are received into customs warehouses are not
recorded in external trade statistics unless they subsequently go into free
circulation of the importing country.
A special case is the intra-EU trade
statistics. Since goods move freely between the member states of the EU without
customs controls, statistics on trade in goods between the member states must
be obtained through surveys. To reduce the statistical burden on the
respondents small scale traders are excluded from the reporting obligation.
Statistical recording of trade in
services is based on declarations by banks to their central banks or by surveys
of the main operators. In a globalized economy where services can be rendered
via electronic means (e.g. internet) the related international flows of
services are difficult to identify.
Basic statistics on international trade
normally do not record smuggled goods or international flows of illegal
services. A small fraction of the smuggled goods and illegal services may
nevertheless be included in official trade statistics through dummy shipments
or dummy declarations that serve to conceal the illegal nature of the
activities.
In national accounts
"exports" consist of transactions in goods and services (sales,
barter, gifts or grants) from residents to non-residents. The exact definition
of exports includes and excludes specific "borderline" cases. A general
delimitation of exports in national accounts is given below:
An export of a good occurs when there is
a change of ownership from a resident to a non-resident; this does not
necessarily imply that the good in question physically crosses the frontier.
However, in specific cases national accounts impute changes of ownership even
though in legal terms no change of ownership takes place (e.g. cross border
financial leasing, cross border deliveries between affiliates of the same
enterprise, goods crossing the border for significant processing to order or
repair). Also smuggled goods must be included in the export measurement.
Export of services consist of all
services rendered by residents to non-residents. In national accounts any
direct purchases by non-residents in the economic territory of a country are
recorded as exports of services; therefore all expenditure by foreign tourists
in the economic territory of a country is considered as part of the exports of
services of that country. Also international flows of illegal services must be
included.
National accountants often need to make adjustments
to the basic trade data in order to comply with national accounts concepts; the
concepts for basic trade statistics often differ in terms of definition and
coverage from the requirements in the national accounts:
Data on international trade in goods
are mostly obtained through declarations to custom services. If a country
applies the general trade system, all goods entering or leaving the country are
recorded. If the special trade system (e.g. extra-EU trade statistics) is
applied goods which are received into customs warehouses are not recorded in
external trade statistics unless they subsequently go into free circulation in
the country of receipt.
A special case is the intra-EU trade
statistics. Since goods move freely between the member states of the EU without
customs controls, statistics on trade in goods between the member states must
be obtained through surveys. To reduce the statistical burden on the
respondents small scale traders are excluded from the reporting obligation.
Statistical recording of trade in
services is based on declarations by banks to their central banks or by surveys
of the main operators. In a globalized economy where services can be rendered
via electronic means (e.g. internet) the related international flows of
services are difficult to identify.
Basic statistics on international trade
normally do not record smuggled goods or international flows of illegal services.
A small fraction of the smuggled goods and illegal services may nevertheless be
included in official trade statistics through dummy shipments or dummy
declarations that serve to conceal the illegal nature of the activities.
Conclusions :
export import activities is a key factor in
determining a country's economy. to facilitate the activities of the employers
are required to Greenworld knowledge of export import procedures, international
trade, customs, shipping and banking.
Source :
